United States Pacific Fleet
(
Pacific
)
The United States Pacific Fleet ( USPACFLT) is a theater-level component command of the United States Navy, located in the Pacific Ocean. It provides naval forces to the Indo-Pacific Command. Fleet headquarters is at Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii, with large secondary facilities at Naval Air Station North Island, California.
Origins
During the summer of 1940, as part of the U.S. response to Japanese expansionism, the fleet was instructed to take an "advanced" position at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Admiral James O. Richardson, the fleet's commander, strongly opposed long-term basing at Pearl Harbor, feeling that it would leave the fleet vulnerable to Japanese attack, and personally protested the move in Washington, D.C. Political considerations were thought sufficiently important that he was relieved by Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, who was in command at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Pacific Fleet was formally recreated on 1 February 1941, when General Order 143 split the United States Fleet into separate Atlantic, Pacific, and .
Composition in December 1941
- United States Pacific Fleet – Commander: Admiral Husband E. Kimmel (Flagship: USS Pennsylvania)
- Fourteenth Naval District – Commander: Rear Admiral Claude C. Bloch
- Battle Force, Pacific Fleet – Commander: Vice Admiral William S. Pye (Flagship: USS California)
- ComBatPac (made up of three BatDiv) – Commander: Rear Admiral Walter S. Anderson (Flagship: USS West Virginia)
- Aircraft, Battle Force (made up of two Carrier Divisions) – Commander: Vice Admiral William F. Halsey Jr. (Flagship: USS Enterprise)
- Cruisers, Battle Force (made up of two Cruiser Divisions) – Commander: Rear Admiral Herbert F. Leary (Flagship: USS Honolulu)
- Destroyers, Battle Force (made up of two Destroyer Flotillas) – Commander: Rear Admiral Milo F. Draemel (Flagship: )
- Scouting Force, Pacific Fleet – Commander: Vice Admiral Wilson Brown (Flagship: USS Indianapolis)
- Cruisers, Scouting Force (made up of three Cruiser Divisions) – Commander: Rear Admiral John H. Newton (Flagship: USS Chicago) Cruisers, Battle Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet, 7.12.1941
- Aircraft, Scouting Force (made up of three Patrol Wings) – Commander: Rear Admiral John S. McCain Sr. (Flagship: )
- Submarines, Scouting Force (made up of five Submarine Squadrons) – Commander: Rear Admiral Thomas Withers (Flagship: N/A)
§ = Divisional flagship
Battle Force, Pacific Fleet
Battleships, Battle Force
- Battleship Division 1 (Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd)
- §
- Battleship Division 2 (Rear Admiral David W. Bagley)
- §
- Battleship Division 4 (Rear Admiral Walter S. Anderson)
- §
These nine battleships were intended to counterbalance the ten battleships of the Imperial Japanese Navy. At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, was in dry dock undergoing maintenance, and was in the midst of a refit at Bremerton Navy Yard, Washington.
Aircraft, Battle Force
- Carrier Division 1 (Rear Admiral Aubrey Fitch)
- §
- Carrier Division 2 (Vice Admiral William F. Halsey Jr.)
- §
When the attack took place, all three carriers were absent – Saratoga was in San Diego collecting her air group following a major refit, Enterprise was en route back to Hawaii following a mission to deliver aircraft to Wake Island, while Lexington had just departed on a similar mission to Midway Atoll.
Cruisers, Battle Force
- Cruiser Division 3 (Rear Admiral Abel T. Bidwell)
- §
- Cruiser Division 9 (Rear Admiral Herbert F. Leary)
- §
Destroyers, Battle Force
Scouting Force, Pacific Fleet
Cruisers, Scouting Force
- Cruiser Division 4 (Rear Admiral John H. Newton)
- §
- Cruiser Division 5 (Rear Admiral Raymond A. Spruance)
- §
- Cruiser Division 6 (Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher)
- §
Submarines, Scouting Force
- Submarine Squadron 2
- Submarine Division 21
- Submarine Division 22
- Submarine Squadron 4
- Submarine Division 41
- Submarine Division 42
- Submarine Division 43
- Submarine Squadron 6
- Submarine Division 61
- Submarine Division 62
- Submarine Squadron 8
- Submarine Division 81
- Submarine Division 82
- Submarine Squadron 10
- Submarine Division 101
- Submarine Division 102
Aircraft, Scouting Force
- Patrol Wing 1
- VP-11
- VP-12
- VP-14
- Patrol Wing 2
- VP-21
- VP-22
- VP-23
- VP-24
- Patrol Wing 4
- VP-41
- VP-42
Other elements
In December 1941, the fleet consisted of nine , three , 12 cruiser, eight cruiser, 50 , 33 , and 100 . This was approximately the fleet's strength at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. That day, the Japanese Combined Fleet carried out the attack on Pearl Harbor, drawing the United States into World War II in the Pacific. The Pacific Fleet's Battle Line took the brunt of the attack, with two battleships destroyed, two salvageable but requiring lengthy reconstruction, and four more lightly to moderately damaged, forcing the U.S. Navy to rely primarily on aircraft carriers and submarines for many months afterward.
Subsequently, Pacific Fleet engagements during World War II included the Battle of Guam, the Marshalls-Gilberts raids, the Doolittle Raid, the Solomon Islands campaign, the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway, the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, the Battle of the Philippine Sea, the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, the Battle of Leyte Gulf, and the Battle of Okinawa. More minor battles included the Battle of Dutch Harbor. The Submarine Force began a sustained campaign of commerce raiding against Japan's merchant marine, beginning the first day of the war, which ultimately claimed 1,314 ships totalling about 5.3 million tons (by the imperfect postwar reckoning of the Joint Army-Navy Assessment Committee, JANAC).Blair, pp.877–8. The West Loch disaster occurred at Pearl Harbor on 21 May 1944.
Post-1945
Since 1950, the Pacific Fleet has been involved in the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the two Taiwan Straits Crises, and a number of other operations including the Mayaguez Incident of 1975, as well as post-Vietnam related operations such as Operation New Arrivals. The RIMPAC exercise series began in 1971.
On 7 March 1984, the Secretaries of Transportation and Navy signed a Memorandum of Agreement which created the Maritime Defense Zones (MDZ).Jeffrey Hartman, 'Guarding Alaska: A Memoir of Coast Guard Missions on the Last Frontier', iUniverse, 2012, , , p. 104. The Pacific MDZ is an echelon three Navy command under the Commander U.S. Pacific Fleet. The Pacific MDZ has responsibility for coastal defense up to around the U.S. West Coast, Aleutian Islands, and Hawaii during times of hostility. On 1 October 1990, Commander U.S. Naval Forces Alaska (COMUSNAVAK) was established as the Naval Component Commander to Commander, Alaskan Command (COMALCOM). Since its inception, COMUSNAVAK has grown to become responsible for coordinating all Navy activity in the Alaska and Aleutian area, for detailed planning and coordination for the Naval portion of the Joint and Combined Exercise Northern Edge, and coordinates high-visibility U.S. Navy ship visits throughout Alaska in support of public relations and recruiting initiatives.
The very large PACEX 89 in the North Pacific involved the USN, Canadian Navy, Japanese Maritime Self-Defence Force, and ROK Navy. At the end of Exercise PACEX '89 a 54-ship formation was assembled for photos. It included the flagship, , the Battle Group, the Battle Group, two battleship surface action groups formed around and , and a Japanese Maritime Self-Defence Force task force. Missouri and New Jersey performed a simultaneous gunfire demonstration for the aircraft carriers and during PACEX. The highlight of PacEx for Missouri was a port visit in Pusan, Republic of Korea.See Missouri Command History
Other operations undertaken since include participation in the Alaskan Oil Spill Joint Task Force, including participation of Commander, Amphibious Group Three, as deputy CJTF. This was the defence response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill of March 1989.
Also, the Pacific Fleet was involved in "Classic Resolve" during the December 1989 Philippine coup attempt. Enterprise, CVW-11 and Battle Group FOXTROT joined forces with USS Midway (CV-41) and Battle Group ALPHA near Manila Bay. Operation Classic Resolve involved contingency operations, if necessary, to support U.S. interests following the Philippine coup attempt. Both battle groups were chopped to JTF Philippines. During the operations, the carriers maintained deck alerts and 24-hour coverage of Manila with E-2C aircraft.Center for Naval Analysis, Joint Task Force Operations since 1983, CRM94-42, July 1994 CVW-11 returned home through the Arabian Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, leaving its ship, the “Big E", in Norfolk, Virginia for refueling.
Around 10 September 1990, and visited Vladivostok. This marked the first United States Navy visit to the Soviet Union's Pacific port of Vladivostok since before World War II. Before the visit was completed, the crew received word that their Pacific cruise was canceled. They returned to Long Beach and joined the Battle Group preparing to deploy to the Persian Gulf.
During Operation Fiery Vigil in June 1991, the following vessels and groups participated in the sealift phase of the evacuation: the Abraham Lincoln battle group (COMCARGRU 3 embarked): , , , , , , , Amphibious Ready Group Alpha (COMPHIBRON 3 embarked): , , , , and a large number of other vessels: , , , , , , , , , , , , USNS Passumpsic, , , , . (CNA, 1994, 113) Further operations included JTF Marianas (August–September 1992) and JTF Hawaii (September–October 1992).
Other contingency operation after 1991 included Operation Sea Angel (Bangladesh relief) (led by Commander III Marine Expeditionary Force), Operation Eastern Exit, and involvement in the Somali Civil War – 'Restore Hope'. During 'Restore Hope,' Navy command arrangements underwent a number of changes during the operation. At the start, the principal naval forces were the Ranger battle group (with Commander, Carrier Group One embarked on as Commander, Naval Forces), the Kitty Hawk battle group, an amphibious task unit including , , , and MV Lummus, and three ships from MPSRON TWO (MV Anderson, MV Bonnyman, and MV Phillips). Other events led to the departure of the carriers and, as a result, Commander, Naval Forces responsibilities devolved first to Commander, Carrier Group Three, on Kitty Hawk, and thence to Commander, Amphibious Group Three. Finally Commander, Amphibious Squadron 3 became COMNAVFOR on 15 January with the departure of COMPHIGRU THREE after the completion of the MPF offload. (CNA, 1994, 168)
In 1995, Pacific Fleet surface ships were reshuffled.Kitsap Sun, Pacific Fleet Changes, July 25, 1995 Effective 1 October 1995, the U.S. Pacific Fleet's surface ships were to be reorganized into six core battle groups and eight destroyer squadrons. Permanent core battle groups were to include a battle group commander, aircraft carrier, carrier air wing and at least two cruisers.
- Commander Cruiser-Destroyer Group 1/USS Constellation Battle Group: and
- ComCruDesGru 3/USS Carl Vinson Battle Group: , and
- ComCruDesGru 5/USS Kitty Hawk Battle Group: and
- Commander Carrier Group 7 (ComCarGru 7)/USS Nimitz Battle Group: and
- ComCar Gru 3/USS Abraham Lincoln Battle Group: and
- Commander Carrier Group Five/USS Independence Battle Group: and
Commander, Naval Surface Forces Pacific:
- Destroyer Squadron 1: , , , , , , and
- Destroyer Squadron 5: , , , ,
- Destroyer Squadron 7: , , , and
- Destroyer Squadron 9: , , , , and
- Destroyer Squadron 15: , , , , , and
- Destroyer Squadron 21: , , , , and
- Destroyer Squadron 23: , , , , and
- Destroyer Squadron 31: , , and
In 1996 two carrier battle groups were sent to the Taiwan area during the Third Taiwan Straits Crisis. Later ships of the Pacific Fleet, notably , a , provided support to the entry of INTERFET in East Timor in 1999.
Between 25 and 27 March 2006, Carrier Strike Group Nine participated in a series of anti-submarine warfare exercises (ASW) in Hawaiian waters while en route to the U.S. Seventh Fleet's area of responsibility. In addition to the strike group, the exercise also included the nuclear-powered attack submarines , , , , and , as well as land-based P-3 Orion aircraft from Commander Patrol and Reconnaissance Wing 2 and associated patrol squadrons VP-4, VP-9, and VP-47.
As of 2011, the Pacific Fleet has authority over:
- numbered Third and Seventh Fleets
- Naval Air Force, Pacific
- Commander, Naval Surface Forces Pacific;
- ComSubPac
- Fleet Marine Force, Pacific
Naval shore commands over which USPACFLT has authority:
- Commander Naval Forces Korea
- Commander Naval Forces Japan
- Commander Naval Forces Marianas
Commanders
See also
- List of units of the United States Navy
- History of the United States Navy
- Military history of the United States
- Pacific Partnership
- United States Fleet Forces Command
- United States Seventh Fleet
Notes
External links
- Official site
- Pacific Fleet Center-Long Beach (Campaign to permanently berth the retired in Long Beach, CA)
- Silent Service – Submarine Warfare in WWII (Rare Footage)
- Previous Commanders
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